Method of making cast containers



J. G. LEHMAN. METHOD OF MAKING CAST CONTAINERS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. IZ, I920.

Patented NW. 14, 1922;

Patented Nov. 14, 1922.

JOHN GEORGE LEHMAN, F BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO BETHLEHEMFOUNDRY & MACHINE COMPANY, OF BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA, A CORPORA- TIONOF PENNSYLVANIA.

METHOD OF MAKING CAST CONTAINERS.

Application filed February 12, 1920. Serial- No. 358,288.

T 0 all whom. it may concern:

Be it known that I, JOHN GEORGE LEH- MAN, a citizen of the UnitedStates, residing at 224 E. Market Street, Bethlehem, in the countyofNorthampton and State of Pennsylvania, have invented acertain new anduseful Method of Making Cast Containers, of which the following is aspecification.

My invention relates to kettles or other containers, in which heattreatment is to be be carried out.

The main purpose of my invention is to provide interior channels withinthe kettle walls at reasonably uniform spaces therein.

A further purpose is to provide a coiled pipe with uniting devicesbetween the coils preparatory to casting metal about the pipe.

A further purpose is to unite coils of pipe with mold parts in order tocontrol the posi-' tion of the pipe within the casting and to strengthenthe wall both by the pipe and by the control means.

A further purpose is to intimately connect the coils of pipe and thesurrounding cast metal, with theobject of transferring as large apercentage as possible of the heat from fluid in the pipes into thekettle contents.

A further purpose is to weld a pipe within a kettle wallto the metal ofthe wall throughout substantially the entire contour of the pipe.-

A further purpose is to anchor the pipe with respect to the walls of thecasting, preliminary topouring the metal thereof by anchors separatefrom the connectors.

My invention relates to the kettle itself, to the structure utilized inthe casting operation, and to the methods involved.

Further purposes are to weld, tie or otherwise unite adjoining pipeturns and to secure the uniting studs, called spuds or bonds or the pipeitself to or through the mold at intervals, anchoring the pipe withrespect to the walls of the casting.

Further purposes will appear in the specification and in the claims.

I have preferred to'illustrate my process and apparatus by a few only ofthe apparatus forms in which it may be practiced, illustrating differentadvantages and functions of the parts to differing degrees.

Figure 1 is a top plan viewof a kettle or pot containing a coil of pipecast therein by my method.

Figure 2 is avertical section, partly in elevation of Figure 1 upon line2-2.

Figure 3 is a top plan view of a coil or spiral intended for a shallowpan embodying my invention.

Figure 4c is a side elevation of a coil like that in Figure 3, buthaving terminals for use as the bottom of a kettle.

Figure 5 is a top plan view of a serpen tine coil such as may be used tolie within a flat bottom or fiat-sided wall ormay be bent to lie withina curved wall. I

Figures'6, 7 and 8 are broken enlarged sections showing differentseparating and fastening devlces and thelr anchorages. Slmllar numeralsindlcate like parts.

This application is a continuation in part passages within the shell ofthe kettle or pot and considerable difficulty has been experienced incasting pipe (by which I mean to include passage linings generally.which are distinct from. the metalcast about them) within those walls soas to provide for proper flow therethru. It is comparatively easy tobend the pipe to the shape desired but as soon as the molten metal ispoured'upon the bent or coiled pipe the latter is distorted by reason ofthe sudden expansion taking place, not .only altering the shape of thecoil or bend but also its position with respect to the mold.

In consequence of this an excessive thlckness of wall has been requiredfor the kettle or pot to provide for this movement of the coil and.notwithstanding thls, the coil has tended to rock and shift to suchanextent as to lie too near the surface at points, nterrupting the castfinish of the kettle or 1ncure the coils at preferably uniform distance.

terfering with an intended finishing cut and causing it to heatirregularly and uncertainly. V

In my process of casting I unite adjoining coils or bends of pipe byspuds or ties which prevent excessive movement between coils or bends,though, of course, accommodating-the necessary expansion. I may inaddition sefrom the wall which it is most desired to protect-normallythe inner wall-by anchors passing through what becomes the opposite wallin the finished kettle. These anchors are most conveniently secured tothe spuds or ties rather than to the pipe sections themselves. Where thepipe lies close to the finished inner wall this construction also avoidspossible projection of the anchor thru the skin of the casting.

By welding the metal of the castkettle walls to the pipe, I secure anintimacy of contact which results in a veryhigh elliciency of heattransfer between.

In Figures 1 and 2 I have illustrated a kettle 10 made up of a coil ofpipe shown as having inlet 11, outlet 12, and intervening spirals 13,14c. The'spiral 13 is of helical form and the spiral 14 may be of anycombination of helical and flat spirals or, where a flat bottom isdesired, of purely fiat form.

The coil is cast within the wall of the kettle and my process andapparatus concern the preparation for this casting, the casting itselfand the finished product secured.

As it is quite desirable in most cases to preserve the skin of thecasting upon the interior of the kettle, the interior surface 15 ispreferably not tool finished; though this may be done, if desired. Thepreservation of the skin of the casting upon the exterior surface 16 isnot so important, though it also is usually not disturbed by a machinecut.

After the pipe has been bent to the required spiral or other shape, Iunite its coils or bends for the several purposes of prevent ingsagging, because of their weight, to restrict excessive ordisproportionate expansion either radially or axially with respect .tothe kettle on accountof the heat of the also, while accommodatingexpansion maintain the spacing of the coils when the molten metal tendsto spread them.

Prior to casting in this first form as well as in the other forms of myinvention illustrated, I very much prefer to pickle the pipe, in ordertopermit muchmore intimate contact of the final metal of the castingwith the pipe, than would otherwise result. This causes the molten metalto form a weld with the pipe, greatly increasing the heat conductivitybetween and the strength.

Though there is not'the same heat-transfer desirability of intimate weldcontact of the cast metal and the spuds, or other ties or spacers used,as with the pipe coils, in practical operation the pickling is done withthe ties or spacers in place, securing greater strength. v

In Figures 3 and 4 the same method described in connection with Figures1 and 2 is applied to a nearly conical spiral which in Figure 3 isintended for casting within a comparatively shallow pan and in Figure 4is given a vertical inletll' for casting within a separable bottom (ofwhich the cast metal is dotted about it) for a large kettle. The twospirals are the same except for the d'irec-' tion of inlet connection.

In F igure. 5 the same method of attachment of adjoining 'pipe sectionsis applied to a serpentine section 18 normally intended to lie in asingle plane or capable of con- 1 forming to a cylinder or other figure.

The location of the walls of the kettle with respect to the coil of pipeis well shown in Figure 6.

In addition, Figure 6 shows another dc sirable feature of my inventionin that I anchor the coils of pipe thru the mold and are secured withinthe strips 21, by nuts 23.1 They may anchor occasional connections on y.p

These anchorages are normally supported and held upon the outside fortwo reasons. The inside wall is the one primarily to be protected,making it desirable to prevent the pipe from approaching the inside wall15 of the kettle closer than a predetermined distance set by theanchors: also the passage of the anchors through the wall on the sideupon which they are supported would, otherwise, damage the inner wall.After the. casting is completed the projecting ends of the anchors arecut off leaving the stub ends exposed. This would be objectionableon theinside of the kettle or pot because of the effect of the exposed metalupon the contents of the kettle.

It will be noted that the passage of the V hooks thru the mold wall andthruthe sup- GXCGSSIVG movement Of porting strips 21 has a tendency toprevent the pipe up and down. r

In Figure 7 the coils of pipe are not united as in Figure 6 but are heldagainst undue movement toward the interior wall 15 and toward each otherby preferably cast iron separator blocks 24 which engage with the'adjoining surfaces 25 of the pipe coils and prevent radial movement ofthe pipe at the same time that they exert some restraint laterally withrespect to the anchors 20' by reason of the passage of these anchorsthruthe mold and thru any desired limiting supporting plates. Theyextend to the leftbeyond the pipe centers.

The bolts are here shown as separate from the blocks and as providedwith heads 26 fitting within recesses in the blocks.

In the form shown in Figures 1 to 6, spuds hold the coils of pipe inposition ini-' tially, separating them against collapse when placed inthe mold and at the same time limiting the separation of the adjoiningcoils by their firm hold upon the coils.

Spot welding has proved quite effective, giving sufficient strength forthe purpose, though I contemplate using whatever method may be requiredin a particular case to give firm union.

The location of the spuds between the coils, as distinguished frominside or outside of the coils, enables me to cast a thinner wall andthe individual connections thus supplied form each pair of coils into aneffective spiral beam, substantially free frominitial stresses and,because of the connections used separate from those uniting with thenext coil, unaffected by the stresses or position of the restof thestructure, yet all combining to provide a maximum of stren h with aminimum of material.

In igure 7 the separator blocks perform a similar initial separatingfunction but offer little restriction against expansion of the coilaxially of the kettle when the hot metal is poured upon the coil. Hereagain, the spacing devices 24: maybe confined wholly to the portion ofthe wall between the pipes.

In Figure 8 the ties 27 unite adjoining coil sections against'se arationbut offer little support against col apse of'the coil sections when theyare initially placed within the mold. Though I do not regard thetwisting as of great importance it is desirable to twist the tiestogether orat least to cross them as shown at 28; and this twisting orcrossing facilitates the engagement of the ties by anchoring hooks 20.In this form.

also, the ties are in effect individual, even though the wire used beextended to form other connections between coils above and below aparticular pair under consideration; and the use of wire, with its hightensile strength gives aminimum of extra width on each'side of thepipe-toward the inner and outer walls. v I

In all of the forms, the fastenings 20 are or may be individual to thesingle connec- 'tionto which they are attached, capable of eration.

In the form shown in Figures 16,* it

will be noted that'the cross section of the pipe itself forms part ofthe reinforcing structure considered transversely of the coil length andparallel to the outer and inner walls.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire tosecure by Let-I ters Patent is: 1. The method of controlling theposition of coils or bends of pipe adapted to lie within thewalls of acontainer cast about them against lateral movement with respect to thewall during the pouring of the metal which consists in anchoringtheturns or bends laterally to and through the wall at intermediate pointsbetween the limiting bends and in casting the metal about the coils orbends as so anchored. j y 2. The method of forming vessels of cast metalabout coils or bends. of a pipe while maintaining the position of thecoils or bends which consists in maintaining adjoining coils or bendsagainst undue movement toward or awayfrom each other and at the sametime anchoring them laterally at points between the limiting coils orbends'and in caiting the metal about-the pipe while so he d.

3. The method of forming vessels of cast hot metal about a pluralityofturns of spiraled pipe which consists in securing adjoining bends orturns against excessive movement toward or away from each other, inplacing the pipe so secured within a mold, in anchoring the turnsorbends laterally through the mold at intermediate points againstexcessive movement transversely to the spiral formed and in pouring themetal about the pipe so anchored and'secured.

'4. The method of forming vessels of cast metal containing within theirwalls coiled pipe, which comprises attaching connectors betweenadjoining coils of the pipe by fused metal to the facing surfaces of thecoils to prevent undue separation thereof While the metal is cast aboutthe pipe and about the securing means and subsequently casting the wallsof the vessel about the pipe. 5

5. The method of forming thin-Walled I vessels of cast metal containingwithin their walls coiled pipe, which comprises separating the adjoiningpipe turns by spacers -which substantially maintain the distancebetweenthem and which lie wholly between the pipe turns, uniting the.spacers to the pipe by fused metal and casting the metal about the pipewhile so separated and the agalnst excessive movement by means securedto the facing walls of the turns at intervals within the intended vesselwall, leaving the lateral faces of the turns free,

' pickling the pipe, placing the pipe so secured within a mold andpouring the metal about the turns into welding contact therewith.

7. The method of forming vessels of cast metal containing within'theirwalls coiled pipe, which comprises fusing connectors to the facing wallsof the turns at intervals within the vessel walls as intended to holdthe turns against excessive movement, placing the pipe so secured withina mold, anchoring the turns laterally to the mold and pouring the metalinto the mold.

8. The method of forming vessels of cast metal containing coils of pipeand strengthening themthereby, which consists in securing adjoiningturns of the pipe by connections within the intended walls havingtensile strength greater than that of the metal to be cast and extendingsubstantially in'line with the line of pipe centers and casting themetal about the pipe.

9. The method of forming vessels of cast metal containing coiled pipewhich consists in interspersing between the coils connections havinggreater resistance to fracture than that of the metal to be cast locateddirectly in line between the coils, and in casting the metal about thecoils.

10. The method of increasing the efficiency of heat transmission betweena pipe within the walls of a cast metal container and the cast metalwhich consists in pickling the pipe and subsequently pouring the metalinto welding contact with the pipe.

11. The method of forming vessels of cast metal having coiled pipetherein which consists in pickling the pipe to get better mechanical andthermal union with the cast metal and holding the pipe againstmovefacture, a coiled or bent pipe in comb-ination with spuds rigidlyseparating the pipe and united to the facing surfaces of the coils orbends to prevent further separation.

13. As an intermediate article of manufacture, a coiled or bent pipehaving successive coils or bends rigidly held apart by means confined tothe space between adjoining coils or bends to revent collapse and unitedto prevent expansion of each coil or bend with respect to the adjoiningone.

14. A mold,'a coil of pipe within the mold having a lurality of turns,securing means for retaining turns of the coil to one another againstseparation and anchors passing through the mold transversely to thedirection of the securing means, anchored outside of the mold andretaining the pipe against transverse movement in one direction-withrespect to the pipe.

15. A mold, a helical coil of pipe therein defining the shape of avessel, restraining devices securing the turns of the coil to oneanother against movement axially of the helix and anchors passingthrough the mold transversely to the walls of the vessel and holding thehelix against excessive radial movement.

16. A mold, a helical coil of pipe within the mold and securing devicesrestraining the coils of the helix against excessive movement axially ofthe helix.

17. A mold, a helical coil of pipe within the mold, and securing-devicesrestraining the coils of the helix against excessive movement axially ofthe helix in either direction...

18. A mold, supporting strips outside of the mold, a helical coil ofpipe within the mold, securing devices restraining the coils of thehelix against excessive movement axially of the helix in eitherdirection and anchors passing through the mold, engaging the securingdevices at one end and the coil against inward radial-movement.

19. A mold, a helical coil of pipe within the mold, securing devicesstronger than the cast metal by which it is to be surrounded,restraining the helix from axial movement and extending into the spacebetween the strips at the other and holding the helical turns of thehelix and molten metal filling the remainder of the mold,

JOHN GEORGE LEHMAN.

